Macular holes occur right in the center of the macula. In most cases no underlying cause is found although in the younger age-group trauma is the leading etiology. Macular holes are classified in different stages as they evolve from a small defect in the center of the macula to a full-blown hole.
In its early stages it is possible for a macular hole to regress spontaneously. However when the hole fully opens the only effective treatment is vitrectomy. During the operation a membrane (Internal Limiting Membrane) that surrounds the hole is removed and a special gas (c3F8 or SF6) is placed in the eye. The gas serves as a tamponade, keeping the hole sealed as it heals. It is important for the patient to remain face-down after the operation for at least 7-10 days. This allows the gas bubble to prevent the hole from opening again.
Macular hole surgery is most successful when it is performed within the first 6 months of a hole opening and when the patients vision has not dropped severely. There is a risk of the hole reopening, retinal detachment, infection, bleeding, and progression of cataract.